what are the seven subversive currents

Like her mentor Hu Jintao, Sun is known for her keen interest in promoting a harmonious society, supporting policy initiatives for affordable housing, social welfare for low-income families, and poverty reduction. Before her retirement, Yao worked as an official at the China Native Produce & Animal Import and Export Corporation. That has included a visit to a historic site where Mao undertook one of his own attempts to remake the ruling party in the 1950s. His attitude toward public intellectuals has proven similarly ambivalent. I dont believe we have a clear consensus on the precise mix of policies that are necessary to address this challenge. Mandy Zuo, Partys number two woman Sun Chunlan named chief of Tianjin, South China Morning Post, November 22, 2012, (, Deputy Head of the Central Leading Group for Belt and Road Initiative Construction (2018present), Full member of the Central Committee of the CCP (2007present). They have been disillusioned by Xi's leadership since 2013, when authorities began cracking down on open discussion of "seven subversive currents," including universal values, constitutional . Hu advanced his political career largely through the Chinese Communist Youth League (CCYL). Power could escape their grip, they have been told, unless the party eradicates seven subversive currents coursing through Chinese society. Second, her low-profile personality and her demonstrated tenacity and political acumen, most notable in removing Bo Xilais protgs in Dalian even before Bos downfall, are indicative of her potential for leadership and political nerve. A government memo from April identified seven "subversive currents" that are not to be spoken of, including "universal values" like human rights, press freedom, judicial independence, economic neoliberalism, and historic mistakes of the Communist Party. Habit #3: Fix, make or bake stuff yourself, because it strengthens your independence of thought from the soul-robbing, imagination-sucking, corporate production of stuff. After that, Liu worked as a researcher at the Development Research Center of the State Council (198788). He was first elected to the Central Committee as an alternate member at the 15th Party Congress (1997). Since the document was issued, the campaign for ideological orthodoxy has prompted a torrent of commentary and articles in party-run periodicals. The. These include township-centered urbanization (), affordable housing, employment, food security, public health care, clean energy technology, and the reduction of bureaucratic barriers for private sector development. 9, that bears the unmistakable imprimatur of Xi Jinping, China's new top leader. Li received both a bachelors degree in law (1982) and a doctoral degree in economics (via part-time studies, 1994) from Peking University. : a systematic attempt to overthrow or undermine a government or political system by persons working from within also : the crime of committing acts in furtherance of such an attempt subversionary -zh-ner- adjective subversive -vr-siv adjective or noun subversively adverb subversiveness noun More from Merriam-Webster on subversion Also see Wu Ming, Chinas new leader: Biography of Xi Jinping [], enlarged new edition (Hong Kong: , 2010), p. 572. Since 2006, it has been known as the Liaoning University of Science and Technology in Anshan City, Liaoning Province. She also served as party secretary of Dalian, Liaoning (200105), and as first secretary of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) (200509). Learn more. He became a member of the Standing Committee of the Shanghai Municipal Party Committee while continuing to work as deputy secretary-general (199798). Subversive definition, tending or intending to subvert or overthrow, destroy, or undermine an established or existing system, especially a legally constituted government or a set of beliefs. HONG KONG, Aug. 20 (UPI) -- Western constitutional democracy and human rights are among the so-called subversive currents running through Chinese society, a memo warns. View All. This includes four military alternate members of the 18th Central Committee who were promoted to be full members of the 19th Central Committee. Han has been widely recognized as a member of the Jiang Zemin-Zeng Qinghong Shanghai Gang. Although Han served as a top CCYL official in Shanghai, his promotions have been more closely aligned with Jiangs Shanghai Gang than with the Hu Jintao-Li Keqiang CCYL faction3. Some have said that constitutionalism and similar ideas were tools of Western subversion that helped topple the former Soviet Union and that a similar threat faces China. 9, said Professor Xiao, the historian. discussion of "seven subversive currents," including universal values, constitutional democracy, human rights, civil society, and media freedom. By CHRIS BUCKLEY, August 19, 2013 (New York Times) HONG KONG Communist Party cadres have filled meeting halls around China to hear a somber, secretive warning issued by senior leaders. Xis current wife, Peng Liyuan, is from his second marriage. Mr. Xis edicts have been disseminated in a series of compulsory study sessions across the country, like one in the southern province of Hunan that was recounted on a local government Web site. Buckey says that it "bears the unmistakable imprimatur of Xi Jinping." The warnings were not idle. During his work in the financial sector in the 1990s, Wang established his patron/mentor relationship with Zhu, who was in charge of Chinas financial affairs at the time. She was a visiting scholar at Brown University in the mid-1990s. He served as vice-minister and deputy party secretary of the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) (201318). Internal warnings show that President Xi Jinping fears that the Communist Party is vulnerable to public anger about corruption and challenges from liberals impatient for political change. His township-centered urbanization, however, was regarded by Xis economic team as neither desirable (due to its resulting inefficiency of resources and widespread pollution) nor feasible (because young people are less interested in staying at small towns) and thus was largely replaced by a development strategy for large urban clusters. During the visit, Zhu lauded Hans work. Li and his classmates translated important legal works from English into Chinese, including Lord Dennings The Due Process of Law and A History of the British Constitution2. Li is widely considered to be a protg of Hu Jintao. Three years later, in 2000, he was appointed director of the State Council General Office of Economic Reform. Indeed, senior central propaganda officials met to discuss the newspaper protest, among other issues, and called it a plot to subvert the party, according to a speech on a party Web site of Lianyungang, a port city in eastern China. Liu served as a chief drafter of the communiqu at the Third Plenum of the 18th National Party Congress, which claimed to be version 2.0 of Chinas market development.5. The internal warnings to cadres show that Mr. Xis confident public face has been accompanied by fears that the party is vulnerable to an economic slowdown, public anger about corruption and challenges from liberals impatient for political change. He serves as a professor of economics at Renmin University, Peking University, Tsinghua University, and the Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Liu joined the CCP in December 1976. Current below the surface. According to the current CCP regulations and norms, Han will most likely serve only a single term in the Politburo Standing Committee and then retire in 202223. For example, Chinese intellectuals have expressed criticism and concern that Wang was overly reliant on political campaigns and underutilized legal procedures in addressing official corruption and in so doing created unfairness and fear in the political establishment. Wang was a sent-down youth at an agricultural commune in Yanan County, Shaanxi (1969-1971)2. Liu was subsequently promoted to director of the State Information Center (19982001). -1. Then, an internal Party memo referred to as Document No. Han was then made secretary of the CCYL committee of the Chemical Industry Bureau of the Shanghai Municipal Government (198286), deputy party secretary of the Shanghai School of Chemical Engineering (198687), party secretary and deputy director of Shanghai No. 15963. Repentance in 12 points. Having learned from the news about the planned measures to prevent illegal subversive activities, expressed in unjustified malicious criticism of the participants of the Special Military Operation, I completely revised my views, deeply repented and intend to disarm in front of all the Duma parties at the same time. By item: 1) I now admit that for more . Vice president of the Peoples Republic of China (2018present). There certainly isnt a consensus on how much de-risking and decoupling is necessary to strike the right balance between national security concerns and upholding American values and principles that have long held dear the free flow of information, people, trade and open markets. For more information on Chinas top party leaders, see our background profiles for the 19th Politburo and Politburo Standing Committee. Anyone can read what you share. The campaign carries some risks for Mr. Xi, who has indicated that the slowing economy needs new, more market-driven momentum that can come only from a relaxation of state influence. Not much information is available regarding Hu Chunhuas family. Hu Min, Hu Jintaos Five Golden Flowers (Hong Kong: Beiyunhe Press, 2012), pp. There is a bipartisan consensus on the fact that China poses a broad challenge to the United States across multiple domains. The consequent rifts are unusually open, and they could widen and bog down Mr. Xi, said Xiao Gongqin, a professor of history at Shanghai Normal University who is also a prominent proponent of gradual, party-guided reform. Hans reputation as a competent, seasoned financial and economic technocrat, as well as his market-friendly policy orientation in cosmopolitan Shanghai, has generally been well received in business communities both in China and abroad. Han then served as deputy secretary of the Chinese Communist Youth League (CCYL) (197580) and as a clerk of the Shanghai Chemical Equipment Industry Co., Ltd (198082). Its possible that this situation will get out of control, and that wont help the political stability that the central leadership stresses.. Deep-ocean currents are initiated near Antarctica and in the North Atlantic Ocean, where cold, dense water sinks. The couple has one daughter. subversive definition: 1. trying to destroy or damage something, especially an established political system: 2. trying to. Their perceptions of Xi as a Mao- like figure . Get foreign policy updates from Brookings, Compiled by Cheng Li and the staff of the John L. Thornton China Center at Brookings, a constitutional change abolishing term limits, the 19th Politburo and Politburo Standing Committee, https://publicintelligence.net/everybody-loves-chinese-vice-premier-wang-qishan/, https://boxun.com/news/gb/china/2018/02/201802251958.shtml, http://scmp.com/news/china/article/1087831/partys-number-two-woman-sun-chunlan-named-chief-tianjin, http://www.50forum.org.cn/home/article/jianjie.html, Africas global opportunity in rare earth elements, USMCA Forward 2023 Chapter 2: Imports from Asia, President of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) (2013present), General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) (2012present), Chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC) (2012present), Member of the Politburo Standing Committee (PSC) (2007present), Chairman of the National Security Committee (2013present), Head of the Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms (2013present), Head of the Central Leading Group for Foreign Affairs and National Security (2013present), Head of the Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs (2012present), Head of the Central Leading Group for Financial and Economic Work (2013present), Head of the Central Leading Group for Network Security and Information Technology (2014present), Head of the CMC Central Leading Group for Deepening Reforms of National Defense and the Military (2014present), Commander in Chief of the Joint Operations Command Center of the Peoples Liberation Army (PLA) (2016present), Chairman of the Central Military and Civilian Integration Development Committee (2017present), Full member of the Central Committee of the CCP (2002present). [ Read more ] Tags: china western ideas As an undergraduate majoring in law, Li studied under Professor Gong Xiangrui, a well-known, British-educated expert on Western political and administrative systems. She later studied economic management in the Department of Economics at Liaoning University in Shenyang, Liaoning Province (via correspondence studies, 198184); participated in a program in economic management at the Liaoning Party School in Shenyang City, Liaoning Province (via correspondence studies, 198991); and attended a one-year training program at the Central Party School in Beijing (199293). Wang is widely considered to be a protg of both Zhu Rongji and Jiang Zemin. At Chinas 19th Party Congress last October, Xi refused to field any sixth-generation successors as part of the newly formed Politburo Standing Committee. You might want to call someone subversive if they are sneakily trying to undermine something, from the social structure of your high school to an entire system of government. Liu Zhiyan was persecuted during the Cultural Revolution, and he committed suicide in 1967, at the age of 49, by jumping from the Jinjian Hotel in Chengdu City, Sichuan Province. You have to commemorate him, and because hes already passed away, you can only speak well of him, not ill, Professor Xiao, the historian, said of Maos anniversary. Purpose. On the one hand, Xi has promoted Chinese think tanks, which are mostly staffed with academics. In his most recent State of the Union Address, President Donald Trump asserted that rivals like Chinachallenge our interests, our economy, and our values. Xis actions will only play into rising fears about China among Americans, who will further conflate Chinas leadership with that of other authoritarian regimes like Russia and Turkey. The daughter, Liu Hes half-sister, married Gong Zheng, the current governor of Shandong Province. Cheng Li, Chinese Politics in the Xi Jinping Era: Reassessing Collective Leadership (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press, 2016), p. 281. Western anti-China forces led by the United States have joined in one after the other, and colluded with dissidents within the country to make slanderous attacks on us in the name of so-called press freedom and constitutional democracy, said Zhang Guangdong, a propaganda official in Lianyungang, citing the conclusions from the meeting of central propaganda officials. Some analystsincluding usnaively hoped that Xi wanted more time to train, groom, and test a potential successor before identifying the candidate. Liu then served as party secretary and deputy director of the Development Research Center of the State Council (201113). Cut off or cover the logos on your bag, shoes, clothes, repurpose a product and name it after yourself. Xi is a princeling; he is the son of Xi Zhongxun, a former Politburo member and vice-premier who was one of the architects of Chinas Special Economic Zones in the early 1980s2. His efforts have also included concerted attempts to seek a new model of great power relations with the United States. Sun Chunlan comes from a humble background. Promoting the universal value of human rights. He was a sent-down youth at a collective farm in Chongming County, Shanghai, during the Cultural Revolution (197275)1. Condemnations of constitutional government have prompted dismayed opposition from liberal intellectuals and even some moderate-minded former officials. No further information is available on Suns family. The heat transfer function of convection currents drives the earth's ocean currents, atmospheric weather and geology. Sooner or later, some political elites may stand up for their belief in the institutionalized norms of the Deng era. Their perceptions of Xi as a Mao-like figure may now be crystallized. However, several Chinese sources reveal that Wang and Xi became close friends over forty years ago, when both were sent-down youths in two neighboring counties in Yanan.3, Wang Qishan is viewed by the Chinese public as capable in crisis situations. 8893. Birdsourcing ~ Citizen Scientist Ornithology! 2. : criticizing something in a clever and indirect way in order to make it weaker or less effective. Han attended a two-year college program at Fudan University in Shanghai (198385), completed his undergraduate degree (via part-time studies) in politics at East China Normal University in Shanghai (198587), and graduated with a masters in international political economy from East China Normal University (199496). Even as Mr. Xi has sought to prepare some reforms to expose Chinas economy to stronger market forces, he has undertaken a mass line campaign to enforce party authority that goes beyond the partys periodic calls for discipline. According to an unverified source, Han Zhengs wife, Wan Ming, previously served as vice-chair of the Shanghai Charity Foundation. In 1998, Li was transferred to Henan Province, where he served as governor (19982003) and, concurrently, deputy party secretary (19982002) and then party secretary (200204). Observers argue that Premier Li has been marginalized, as Xi has taken over all of the top posts in economic affairs4. Officials have intensified efforts to block access to critical views on the Internet. See Everybody Loves Chinese Vice-Premier Wang Qishan, Public Intelligence, January 23, 2011. Han spent much of his early career working at the grassroots level. Xi Jinpings close relationship with Wang Qishan has arguably been the most important factor facilitating the consolidation of Xis power and the implementation of his new policy initiatives since Xi took the top leadership post in 2012. Xis first marriage produced no children. The government blamed a subversive organization for the riots. As vice premier in charge of Chinas finance and economic structural reforms, Liu plays a key role in implementing Xis economic agenda, including that of innovation-driven and environment-sensitive urbanization, prevention of financial crisis, and poverty alleviation. The citizen-activists demanding that party officials reveal their family wealth cited Mr. Xis own vows to end official corruption and deliver more candid government. Having been nominated by Hu, Li was promoted to alternate member of the CCYL Secretariat three months later. For example, Bob Davis and Lingling Wei reported that both [Xi Jinping and Liu He] were schoolmates in Beijings Middle School 101 in the 1960s. Ibid. In neighboring former communist countries, Russia uses a wider range of military and economic tools. Subversive element definition: Something that is subversive is intended to weaken or destroy a political system or. On other policy issues, however, Xi has exhibited paradoxical preferences and tendencies. Created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko, Avatar: The Last Airbender is an anime-influenced animated TV series aired on Nickelodeon.Set in a world separated into different elemental . Referred to as. It is likely that their friendship developed through growing up together in the same neighborhood. Its certainly had his approval and reflects his general views.. Xi Jinping is widely considered to be a protg of both former PRC president Jiang Zemin and former PRC vice-president Zeng Qinghong. Liu He has also been recognized for his humble demeanor. He also served as president of the Central Party School (200712), the most important venue for training officials and ideological/policy research in the CCP. Further, prior to the 19th Party Congress in October 2017, Xi visited Guangdong twice. Some foreign and Chinese media outlets have reported that Xi Jinping and Liu He attended the same middle school4. In July 2001, Hu returned to Tibet, where he served as secretary-general (chief of staff) of the CCP Committee of Tibet (200103) and deputy party secretary and executive vice-governor of Tibet (200306). He then served as the first secretary of the Secretariat of the CCYL Central Committee (200608). Of the 66 military members of the 19th Central Committee, 60 (91 percent) were newcomers.4. | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Yet, Xi continues to favor Chinas industrial policy and has called for making flagship state-owned enterprises bigger and stronger.. After his time in Fujian, Xi served as governor of Zhejiang Province (2002) and party secretary of Zhejiang Province (200207). For most of the Hu era, Li was seen as a possible successor to his mentor. Vice Premier of the State Council (2018present), Deputy Head of the Central Leading Group for United Front Work (2015present), Head of the State Council Leading Group of Deepening Medical and Health System Reform (2018present), Deputy Head of the Central Coordination Group for Hong Kong and Macao Affairs (2016present), Full member of the CCP Central Committee (2007present). the author's subversive attitude . Intellectuals will be among the first to push back and shape the public discourse. 2, Wall Street Journal, December 20, 2013. Liu served as deputy director of the Central Leading Group for Financial and Economic Work, where he was responsible for overseeing macro-economic policy-planning and drafting speeches for CCP General Secretary Hu Jintao to deliver at annual CCP national conferences on economic affairs (200311). They have been disillusioned by Xi's leadership ever since 2013, when authorities began cracking down on open discussion of "seven subversive currents," including constitutional democracy . In 1988, for example, Zhu Rongji, then mayor of Shanghai, visited the citys Dazhonghua Rubber Plant, where Han Zheng was employed. Their perceptions of Xi as a Mao-like figure may now be crystallized. 1. : secretly trying to ruin or destroy a government, political system, etc. Within the Secretariat of the CCYL Central Committee, Li served as alternate member (198385), secretary (198593), and first secretary (199398). His ancestral home is Fuping County, Shaanxi Province. The Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party has proposed removing a clause from the countrys constitutionadded during the Deng Xiaoping erawhich limits both the presidency and vice presidency to two five-year terms. China Takes Aim at Western Ideas HONG KONG Communist Party cadres have filled meeting halls around China to hear a somber, secretive warning issued by senior leaders. During these visits, Xi affirmed the good work carried out under Hu Chunhuas leadership, especially in the areas of supply-side economic reform, technological innovation, and social stability4. A similar tension exists in Xis approach to legal reforms. If these four leaders are excluded, 85 percent would be newcomers. He was first elected to the Central Committee as a full member at the 15th Party Congress in 1997. Given his age, Liu will most likely serve only a single term in the Politburo. Current news at the front? Proactive Foreign Policy Xis proactive () approach to foreign policy marks a significant departure from Deng Xiaopings strategy of keeping a low profile (). In the fall of 2013, Xi introduced Liu He to the U.S. national security advisor at the time, Tom Donilon, who was visiting Beijing. He also worked as deputy head of Linzhi Prefecture, Tibet (1992), and as deputy party secretary and head of Shannan Prefecture, Tibet (199597). He also served as a soldier in the 38th Group Army of the PLA (197073). Document No. Mr. Xi has indicated that he wants a party meeting in the fall to endorse policies that would give market competition and private businesses a bigger role in the economy and Marxist stalwarts in the party are deeply wary of such proposals. Asked whether they consider the exhibition subversive, Sirakovich says, "In the history of the museum, there have been things that were more subversive." And Mendelsohn adds: "I don't understand all the fuss over nudity. Wang most recently served as secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (201217). See Xu Yanyan , Han Zheng recalls Zhu Rongjis visit to factory [], Yicai Web [], August 14, 2013. In particular, his management of the SARS epidemic in the spring of 2003 has been taken as evidence of his efficacy in crisis.4 Wangs experience handling crises and other challenges includes his appointment as executive vice-governor of Guangdong in 1998 to manage the bankruptcy of a major financial institution in the wake of the 1997 Asian financial crisis; his appointment as party secretary of Hainan Province in 2002 to address the decade-long real estate bubble on the island; and his role as mayor of Beijing during the 2008 Olympics.5, Wang is widely recognized in China by the nickname chief of the fire brigade (). Hu volunteered to work in Tibet after graduation, where he established his patron-mentor relationship with Hu Jintao, who was then serving as party secretary (198892). The information you're looking for, is in the "To URL" section. When you right-click in the folder and run "TortoiseSVN -> Switch" command, the "Switch to Branch / Tag" window appears on the screen. For example, the fourth plenum of the 18th Party Central Committee, held in the fall of 2014, was devoted to Chinas legal reform. (, Premier of the State Council (2013present), Member of the Politburo Standing Committee (2007present), Vice-Chairman of the National Security Committee (2013present), Deputy Head of the Central Leading Group for Comprehensively Deepening Reforms (2013present), Deputy Head of the Central Leading Group for Financial and Economic Work (2013present), Vice-Chairman of the Central Military and Civilian Integration Development Committee (2017present), Chairman of the Committee on Organizational Structure of the Central Committee of the CCP (2012present), Chairman of the National Defense Mobilization Committee (2013present), Director of the State Energy Commission (2013present), Head of the National Leading Group for Climate Change and for Energy Conservation and Reduction of Pollution Discharge (2013present), Head of the State Council Leading Group for Rejuvenating the Northeast Region and Other Old Industrial Bases (2013present), Head of the State Council Leading Group for Western Regional Development (2013present), Head of the State Council Three Gorges Project Construction Committee (2008present), Head of the State Council South-to-North Water Diversion Project Construction Committee (2008present), Head of the State Council Leading Group for Deepening Medical and Health System Reform (2008present), Full member of the Central Committee of the CCP (1997present). If, for some reason, Li Keqiang steps down from his position as premier of the State Council before the end of his term, Han may be a leading candidate for that position. T his month on the Criterion Channel, dive into the career of Oscar nominee Michelle Yeoh (Everything Everywhere All at Once), whose martial-arts prowess and megawatt charisma made her one of Hong Kong's greatest action heroes.From there, head back to the anything-goes exuberance of early Hollywood with our Buster Keaton retrospective and a lineup of pre-Code Paramount classics, or spend . Cheng Li, Chinas Team of Rivals, Foreign Policy, March/April 2009, pp. They have been disillusioned by Xis leadership since 2013, when authorities began cracking down on open discussion of seven subversive currents, including universal values, constitutional democracy, human rights, civil society, and media freedom. Instead, Mr. Xi has signaled a shift to a more conservative, traditional leftist stance with his rectification campaign to ensure discipline and conspicuous attempts to defend the legacy of Mao Zedong. As a result, he squanders a precious opportunity to institutionalize the peaceful transfer of power in the PRC, undermining the example set by Jiang in 2002 and by Hu in 2012. Attempting to negate current leadership and deny the socialist political system with Chinese characteristics. At the same time, China is increasingly using these freedoms in Europe to shape its agenda. Li advanced his early career primarily through the Chinese Communist Youth League (CCYL), serving as secretary of the CCYL Committee at Peking University (198283). While the timing of this constitutional change aligns well with Xis political motivations at home, it could not have come at a worse time for U.S.-China relations. Xi, who is on the cusp of his second presidential term, has seized upon his moment at the pinnacle of accrued political capital to avoid becoming a lame duck and to cement his hold over the country for as long as he desires. The first was Western constitutional democracy; others included promoting universal values of human rights, Western-inspired notions of media independence and civic participation, ardently pro-market neo-liberalism, and nihilist criticisms of the partys traumatic past. Cheng Li, Chinese Politics in the Xi Jinping Era: Reassessing Collective Leadership (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press, 2016), p. 268. 9 called for the eradication of "seven subversive currents" in Chinese society including "Western constitutional democracy," universal. ( 199798 ) commune in Yanan County, Shaanxi Province first to push back and shape public... System with Chinese characteristics with academics currents, atmospheric weather and geology or cover logos! 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And shape the public discourse full members of the Central Committee as an official at the grassroots level Anshan,... Development Research Center of the 18th Central Committee General Office of economic Reform consensus on the that! According to an unverified source, han Zheng recalls Zhu Rongjis visit to factory [ ], August 14 2013... Xi as a Mao-like figure may now be crystallized power could escape their grip, they been! United States escape their grip, they have been told, unless the Party seven. Constitutional government have prompted dismayed opposition from liberal intellectuals and even some moderate-minded former.... Three months later the State Council ( 201113 ) neighboring former Communist countries, Russia uses a range... Consensus on the Internet National Development and Reform Commission ( NDRC ) ( 201318 ) grip, they have told... Of China ( 2018present ) Liu will most likely serve only a single term in the & ;... Europe to shape its agenda according to an unverified source, han Zhengs wife, Wan Ming previously...
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