One of the aircraft returned safely; but the other, flying through dense fog, crashed into a mountain, losing all on board. [4]:18586 PAVN tactics were to hold the Marines close, negating the use of artillery and air support. In another part of the city, where Downs company was flown in by helicopter, he was leading his men from building to building but had to use ingenuity and tear gas to do so. The second company from the 804th Battalion seized the An Cuu Bridge while the third company stormed a smaller bridge over the canal a short distance to the west. This book is the capstone volume of the entire series in that 1968, as the title indicates, was the defining year of the war. [4]:169, On the night of 30/31 January, the Marines faced rocket and mortar fire at the Phu Bai Combat Base and PAVN-VC infantry units hit Marine combined action platoons (CAP) and local Popular Force and RF units in the region, including the Truoi River and Ph Lc sectors. We walked them down the streets until they were out of the line of fire. PAVN soldiers also fired 130 82mm mortar rounds into the Mang Ca Compound the opening minutes of the battle. On 24 February, the 5/7th Cavalry, rejoined its detached company and the armored cavalry platoon from the 3/5th Cavalry, near the western corner of the Citadel. When the headquarters of 3rd Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division arrived at Camp Evans, 27 kilometers (17mi) northwest of Hu on 26 January, it found that the site held no stocks of ammunition or fuel. [8] Hu had great symbolism, having been the capital of Vietnam under the Nguyn dynasty from 1802 to 1945. John Spencer is chair of urban warfare studies at the Modern War Institute, codirector of MWIs Urban Warfare Project, and host of the Urban Warfare Project Podcast. [9]:28086 After securing the Jeanne d'Arc High School, Company A, 1/1 Marines recaptured the Le Loi Elementary School. The Marines on the outskirts of the city were able to fend off the initial Tet Offensive attack and back the NVA up to the river, but within a few days the Marines were ordered to take back the entire city, which had become overrun by NVA. Some elements of the battalion had been delayed by South Vietnamese paramilitary troops while others had gotten lost. Inguyen Anh, whose regal name was Gia Long, founded the new citadel of Hue in 1802. The 804th Battalion and the 1st Sapper Battalion remained south of the canal near the An Cuu Bridge while the 810th Battalion began preparing to sneak west across the Perfume River by raft and boat to Gia Hoi Island. At about 04:00 a PAVN company attacked the ARVN security detachment defending the Highway 1 bridge over the Truoi River (161916N 1074623E / 16.321N 107.773E / 16.321; 107.773) and the nearby CAP H-8. 5/7th Cavalry would be stalled north of La Chu for 2 weeks, probing but failing to penetrate the PAVN defenses. The Best Things To Do In Hue, Vietnam. On the 31st, two of its battalions, the 2nd and 3rd, advanced east from encampments southwest of the city along the northern bank of the Perfume River, but PAVN defensive fire forced them to fall back. Under cover of supporting fire the Marines secured part of the ridgeline, killing three PAVN for the loss of one Marine killed. At 02:33, a signal flare lit up the night sky, and two battalions from the PAVN 6th Regiment attacked the western wall of the Citadel. [4]:168[12]:4344, The ARVN 3rd Regiment had an even more difficult time. To say that we are closer to victory today is to believe, in the face of the evidence, the optimists who have been wrong in the past. They advanced along parallel tracks, with the 5/7th Cavalry, following the course of Highway 1; the 2/501st Infantry, searching the central route; and the 2/12th Cavalry, sweeping the area to the south. The base remained under fire from PAVN positions in a Buddhist temple to the south and from a ridgeline to the west and at 07:00 on 25 February Companies F and G began to attack the ridgeline, but were met by intense mortar fire. Vietnamese young boys and girls fill sandbags during 3rd Brigade, 82nd Airborne Division base operations in Phu Bai. [16]:228 On the night of 31 January, the PAVN-VC launched a mortar attack on Camp Evans which caused an ammunition dump to explode, disabling most of the helicopters of the 229th Assault Helicopter Battalion. Of course, with any firefight, there will be mistakes made. Retired Sgt. The PAVN-VC forces rapidly occupied most of the city. In the end, although the Allies declared a military victory, the city of Hu was virtually destroyed, and more than 5,000 civilians were killed, including more than 2,000 of them executed by the PAVN and VC. The attackers were engaged by a machine gunner in a guard tower and troops in a bunker who were able to hold off the attack for long enough to allow others in the compound to form a cohesive defense. [12]:59, Also on 7 February, the North Vietnamese tried to bring their own air support into the battle, sending four Vietnam People's Air Force Il-14 transport aircraft from an airfield near Hanoi. The views expressed are those of the authors, and do not reflect the official position of the United States Military Academy, Department of the Army, or Department of Defense. Tolson's plan called for an air assault by two battalions of the 3rd Brigade northwest of Hu. [9]:45, The North Vietnamese plan for the Tet Offensive was known as the "General Offensive-General Uprising". Also on 28 January, the 810th Battalion, 4th Regiment and the 2nd Sapper Battalion began marching toward the city from locations along the coast east of Hu. Meanwhile, two kilometers to the northwest, the remainder of the 5/7th Cavalry, resumed its advance toward Thon An. Comments will be moderated before posting to ensure logical, professional, and courteous application to article content. Hu 1968: A Turning Point of the American War in Vietnam Mark Bowden 4.32 6,405 ratings729 reviews Goodreads Choice Award Nominee for Best History & Biography (2017) In the early hours of January 31, 1968, the North Vietnamese launched over one hundred attacks across South Vietnam in what would become known as the Tet Offensive. If you can use the weapon to do what you need to do in the city, you use the weapon. The combined force then headed for the Mang Ca compound with the goal of neutralizing Trng's headquarters before it had time to organize the city's defenders. [4]:21113, On 28 February 1/5 Marines and 2/5 Marines launched an operation to the east of Hu to try to cut off any PAVN forces moving from Hu towards the coast. For example, anti-aircraft vehicles called dusters were used in the front and the back of a 12-truck convoy heading into Hue City since there were no tanks available. This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Army Center of Military History. The Marines reported heavy casualties in street fighting in the ancient capital city of Vietnam. [12]:3233, On the night of 30 January it started to rain; from 2 February onwards this rain, low cloud and foggy weather (known locally as the crachin) would last through much of the battle and severely hamper Allied air and artillery support. The PAVN's Department of Warfare gives figures of 2,400 killed and 3,000 wounded from 30 January until 28 March. By dawn, our troops were still unable to advance". [14]:99101 On 13 February Companies F and H crossed the bridge again with the aim of securing the entire area. attacked the compound from the east, but failed to penetrate the compound. Outside the Citadel walls sapper teams failed to destroy the Bach Ho and Trng Tin Bridges after being ambushed by RF troops. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); The articles and other content which appear on the Modern War Institute website are unofficial expressions of opinion. Despite this they made little progress, as they had to withdraw when supporting fire was called in and the PAVN quickly reoccupied abandoned positions. The Battle of Hu (31 January 1968 - 2 March 1968), also called the siege of Hu, was a major military engagement in the Tt Offensive launched by North Vietnam and the Vit Cng during the Vietnam War.After initially losing control of most of Hu and its surroundings, the combined South Vietnamese and American forces gradually recaptured the city over one month of intense fighting. Because of enemy mortaring of the LCU ramp in southern Hu, the allies had stopped all river traffic to the city. Meanwhile, several kilometers to the south, the 2/12th Cavalry, made contact with another PAVN force just before noon. The Battle of Hu began on 31 January 1968 and lasted a total of 26 days. Its all up in here, Christmas said, pointing to his head. The Marine convoy stopped several times to eliminate resistance in heavy house-to-house fighting before proceeding again. 10 PAVN/VC Battalions with 8,000 Communist soldiers. What happened in Hue in February, 1968, may have been the biggest, longest battle of the war, but it did not represent a contradiction in Cronkite's conclusion that the United States was stuck in a stalemateboth military and politicalin the long, deadly Viet Nam War. But in the 1968 Tet Offensive, the war spilled out of the jungle into the streets of Hue City. [24], The PAVN-VC's actions were based on a series of orders issued by the PAVN High Command and the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam (PRG). The PAVN-VC could not afford to engage in a firefight at this point, and they succeeded in sneaking away without raising further alarms. The mechanized task force swept along the northwestern wall toward the An Hoa Bridge, flushing out a number of PAVN soldiers who had taken refuge in the grasses and weeds. The fighting in Hue City, Vietnam, was as intense and confusing as anything the Marines there had ever seen. News of the cancelled cease-fire never reached the MACV Compound. Hue became the imperial capital of a unified Vietnam for the first time in two centuries and retained this status until 1945. Enjoy exciting benefits and explore new exhibitions year-round. The Modern War Institute recently launched an Urban Warfare Project Case Study Series. Company B then walked into an ambush north of Que Chu and was pinned down in the open with little cover, they were only able to withdraw after calling in close artillery support. Approximately 10.5 miles north of the city in Thua Thien Province, the ARVN 1st Airborne Task . Itinerary. [4]:216 It was estimated that it would have taken at least 16 battalions to establish an effective cordon around Hu, at this time there were only 30 battalions available in all of I Corps. [12]:31, Premature Tet Offensive attacks at Nha Trang and Qui Nhn on the morning of 30 January led to the cancellation of the Tt ceasefire, but many ARVN soldiers were already away on leave, meaning that defenses in and around Hu were undermanned. The 1st Battalion encountered the 810th Battalion which had been deployed to block the eastern approaches to the new city, running low on ammunition Captain Phan Ngoc Luong, the commander of the 1st Battalion, retreated with his unit to the coastal Ba Long outpost, arriving there with only three eight-round clips per man for their World War II vintage M1 Garand rifles. Sir, Ill roll my gun right out the door (a 106mm mortar launcher with 50 caliber attached), Ill turn my gun, Ill fire it, sir you know how big the round is. "[4]:171, As the Marines approached the southern suburbs of the city they came under increasing fire from the PAVN 804th Battalion. Its pretty easy to get emotional, but what leaders get paid for is to stand above the emotion. delivered a Banner Lecture entitled The Battle of Hu City, South Vietnam, 1968.. [4]:197, On 13 February Companies A and C, 1/5 Marines left Mang Ca and moved south along the eastern wall of the Citadel, while Company B remained in reserve. The fighting for the airfield continued to seesaw, with first the ARVN having the upper hand and then the PAVN. By this time, the PAVN-VC attackers had pulled back their forces from the immediate vicinity of the Compound. [14]:2930 East of the MACV Compound, a heavy weapons team from the 2nd Sapper Battalion attempted to destroy the communications facility. [4]:21011[20], On 22 February the ARVN 21st and the 39th Ranger Battalions boarded junks and traveled to Gia Hoi Island (162834N 1073520E / 16.476N 107.589E / 16.476; 107.589), between the east wall of the Citadel and the Perfume River where the Communist provisional government had been headquartered since the start of the offensive. He previously served as a fellow with the chief of staff of the Armys Strategic Studies Group. [9]:17174 French journalists Catherine Leroy and Francois Mazure were captured by the PAVN, but were allowed to return to U.S. lines bringing photos of the PAVN side of the battle which were subsequently published in Life Magazine.[27]. Unable to enter the Citadel, the two battalions established their night positions outside the southeast wall of the Citadel. We take care of civilians, added Downs. All he knew was that Trng's headquarters had been under attack, as was the MACV Compound. Among the casualties on the bridge was Major Walter M. Murphy, the 1st Battalion S-3, or operations officer, who later died of his wounds. [9]:33235 The Marines raised an American flag to celebrate their victory, but shortly thereafter were ordered to lower it, as according to South Vietnamese law, no American flag was permitted to be flown without an accompanying South Vietnamese flag. You have to deal with it. Hu (Vietnamese: ()) is the capital of Tha Thin Hu province in central Vietnam and was the capital of ng Trong from 1738 to 1775 and of Vietnam during the Nguyn dynasty from 1802 to 1945. The PAVN/VC crossed the river without incident on the evening of 30 January, but the delay meant that only the 1st and 2nd Sapper Battalions and an 82mm mortar company would be in their forward positions when the offensive began. While the Marines encountered few PAVN in their sweeps they located various abandoned infrastructure that had been used to support the battle, including a 3km trench system with over 600 fighting holes. Three of these regiments were believed to be involved in the siege of Khe Sanh. When seven successive attempts to breach the gate failed, the battalion joined the 2nd and 3rd Battalions, 3rd Regiment, near the southern corner of the Citadel. They were to relieve a MACV Microwave/Tropo communications facility approximately 2.5km southeast of the MACV Compound surrounded by a VC force. The Marines of Charlie Company were based at Lang Co Village, which was located adjacent to the Lang Co Bridge situated at the northern approach of the Hai Van Pass. [9]:268, Back at Phu Bai, Cheatham was reviewing Marine urban fighting doctrine which recommended staying off the streets and moving forward by blasting through walls and buildings. The Battle of Hue City occurred during the Tet Offensive, where. Company D was also engaged by PAVN in the village of Lieu Coc and forced to withdraw. 2/5 Marines killed 18 PAVN or VC and captured one, at a cost of three Marines killed and 13 wounded. He led the Marine push to capture the Citadel on the north side of the Hue river. February 1968. The Battle of Hue began early on January 31, 1968 and lasted until the first days of March, when US troops retook the city. Gen. Michael Downs, who were then captains serving as commanding officers in Hue, recently spoke about their experiences in the Battle of Hue City to an eager group of staff-noncommissioned officers (SNCOs) during a Professional Military Education (PME) event held at Marine Corps University. [4]:20810, To the west, the South Vietnamese forces continued to meet stubborn resistance. [26] Bowden conservatively estimates that 2,000 people were executed. During this fighting Company A, 1/1 Marines commander Captain Batchellor was wounded and Gunnery Sergeant John L. Canley assumed command of the Company. Flying through overcast skies, the aircraft returned two hours later, its pilot having seen nothing out of the ordinary. Under I Corps command, but available to Trng upon his request were two battalions of the ARVN 1st Airborne Task Force and a troop of armored personnel carriers from the 7th Armored Cavalry Squadron at PK-17, the ARVN base located near a road marker on Highway 1, 17 kilometers (11mi) north of Hu. Marine. This can be a tricky situation for any Marine trying to save civilian lives while in the process of a firefight. One company occupied a six-way intersection on Highway 1 a few blocks southeast of the MACV Compound to prevent Allied mechanized forces from entering the city. To say that we are mired in stalemate seems the only realistic, yet unsatisfactory, conclusion. [13]:43[14]:29. Soldiers wave from truck. After a few minutes, the RF soldiers stopped shooting, and some began to wonder whether they had seen enemy troops or had been firing at shadows. But if you can do that you will make the right decision. Several M41 crews abandoned their undamaged tanks when they found their escape route blocked by burning hulks. The toughest fight of the day centered on a pagoda that contained a PAVN battalion headquarters. In the early morning of 31 January, after the rocket bombardment of the airfield and the initial attack on the Truoi River Bridge, Task Force X-Ray received reports of strikes all along Highway 1 between the Hi Vn Pass and Hu. With its stately, tree-lined boulevards, Buddhist temples, national university, and ornate imperial palace within a massive walled city known as the Citadel, Hue was the cradle of the country's culture and heritage. The following maps were produced by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, unless otherwise indicated. The year 1968 marked a crucial turning point in the Vietnam War. A second unit from the regiment, the 810th Battalion, and several local force companies roamed the coastal plain north and east of Hu. Vietnam War veterans and retired Marines Lt. Gen. George Ron Christmas and Brig. To date it is the only U.S. Navy ship named after a battle in the Vietnam War.[37]. [9]:125 While a few joined the PAVN-VC and others supported them by digging fortifications and preparing food, most of the population either tried to flee behind the ARVN-U.S. lines or took shelter in their homes or in churches and pagodas, which they hoped would be safe. The year 1968 marked a crucial turning point in the Vietnam War. The year 1968 was the year of the Tet Offensive including Khe Sanh and Hue City. The imperial city of Hue has for centuries played a significant role in Vietnam. One had to do with machine guns, which he didnt elaborate on. In mid-morning the 5/7th Cavalry, came under heavy fire from an estimated company-size force who occupied the hamlet of Thon An, approximately one kilometer from the An Hoa Bridge. By the last week of January, most of its combat units had arrived, but many of the division's logistical components were still in transit. Neither flight crew could find the city in the fog, however, and both aircraft returned to North Vietnam without dropping their bombs. [12]:29 The PAVN B5 Front created a special logistical and administrative zone known as the Hu City Front to manage the upcoming battle. Your email address will not be published. With the departure of Company F about 16:30, the PAVN-VC successfully disengaged and Companies H and E took up night defensive positions. . Hue is a city chock-full of stories. These ambushes killed 20 Marines and wounded 39. The enemy was so close to us that when the round went up, it went up so high that we thought it was going to come down right on top of us.. The Treasury building was hit by M-48 and 106mm fire and tear gas, while a M274 Mule-mounted 106mm recoilless rifle engaged the machine gun in the Le Loi Elementary School. [7]:49 Mark Bowden suggests that PAVN-VC anger at the lack of enthusiasm among the population of Hu may have fuelled the purges, particularly as defeat loomed closer. [12]:28, The Marine's Phu Bai Combat Base, 11 kilometers (6.8mi) south of Hu on Highway 1, included Task Force X-Ray, a brigade-size component of the 1st Marine Division built around the 1st and 5th Marine Regiments. Hu City was in active service from 14 September 1991 to 23 September 2022. A U.S. Army UH-1 Huey piloted by Chief Warrant Officer Frederick Ferguson landed in the compound and rescued the crew under fire. The Battle Hue City - MCA HIGH INTENSITY URBAN FIGHTING IN THE MIDST OF A JUNGLE GUERRILLA WAR. The Battle of Hue was one of the bloodiest and longest battles of the Vietnam War. By 22:15 that night, Tolson's command had agreed with III MAF on its designated area of operations in the Hu sector. On the afternoon of 29 January, the main body of the southern wing, the 804th Battalion, the 1st Sapper Battalion, the 815th and 818th Battalions of the 5th Regiment, the southern wing command group, and various supporting units descended from their mountain staging area and headed for the T Trch River, which stood between the attacking force and Hu. [9]:269 The battalion consolidated its night defensive positions and waited to renew its attack the following day. At about 15:15 the Marines managed to make their way toward the MACV Compound. Seeing an opportunity to trap the PAVN-VC, Lieutenant Colonel Ernie Cheatham reinforced Company H with his Command Group and Company F.[4]:170 With his other companies in blocking positions, Cheatham hoped to pin the PAVN-VC against the Truoi River. The armored troop at Tam Thai was first to respond to Trng's order. Rather, the Modern War Institute provides a forum for professionals to share opinions and cultivate ideas. PAVN troops also seized the Tu Dam Pagoda, just south of the canal, which they soon converted to the main command post for the southern wing. In addition, in any combat fight, there are going to be innocent civilian bystanders. [4]:167 At 04:40 sappers captured the Huu Gate and the command group of the PAVN 6th Regiment entered the Citadel. He proceeded to gather the necessary equipment including M20 Bazookas, M40 106mm recoilless rifles mounted on M274 Mules, C-4 explosive, flamethrowers, tear gas and gas masks. This was an operational area that actually required two complete regiments to secure. On 23 February, the 2/12th Cavalry and the 2/501st Infantry, resumed their battle at the Sau Canal. Hue vietnam 1968 Stock Photos and Images. The General Offensive was to comprise conventional and guerilla military action aimed primarily at the "puppet" South Vietnamese military and government, attempting to destroy their legitimacy among the South Vietnamese population. 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