@$-WWgUBLgR-/X'\Q.o KSd.ddH!*h.0-niq;lH()J]]PkJW&_9.-4>Y4Fb'bEUH8rb$dPi/=\bac6d:1$+fNM? &='m7.f4TYk`E(RW6#73Xjs]:7/Kd-*e%F6po63"OI-m59^YkHt 8R+HEIBJ\]c:L`Fib33.^F?A7W2R!HCtlUX'#GK'g2X]"hTIYq>[h0,@F-_uEM2'+ 5]5?WTj#"\Ep>X^"-ha^!5>MK\Ue.MB8@CR*RCUE.JW#mLPa9_4)lNY`gW$n[:F2p*R3`ERFADEKNa[/fgqA d3d+B!^tZ$99`OuRSli@!cOMG7H@)u=(QahDV5IF(n4')=E-[N\+#)s=!I"qR5tDYs%D\P]%u#)%ds"j1UBY:A,$PYZD-:@ePpt0rns4U:;XN)>9;o'u79ih*IpNNaL7o^Z29N'>h`#=t#S 0der[=%gOE7!nG9pPd0f9(s^WLTsDA>SkQGegKa%7(F1_.-\JLS`9hP47>&(=*UFO 8HRY4]J2EV:$Q]`9h:&))3ecj^gBVT%^K(Gq4"-3_F^WJ;Hdbrl78#5$sT],j"a>1iRgL1J`WFO3W)O QRdCGpf7"bL:QM676HsRD$L$F$U#K_Caiq%a[2TQM5O\CWRjlB`'UQgC$U&+_]7u1 #$O=E.Kj%3IZCn4A5ObER1D'XrT! ],pRkX*@`SSMg>JQ/""">#C)"&kQ>'CRoX=o@HBHSYdSJ2 '4LoQ[ ]J&dB>^nHG)D'5WhKo/7D*H6POUK\,D`9ZE:*iDUS'm*NpkapY/#>*-CdCnN[bhgFB3hs#^D(c2,h[:\>?YtCCI5*or= 2`\:R?/0-ebb? f#0q'jnDqo. !nETULloP;6B`g`_q]\fH94!S=3'Ur[j"4>j%]P7DjVkbR]5'*dJR(l2*6o@]13 [BZV`c^?ldcCC<5chlM\I;Wa\.pR@oPJb-. "Q"i`'mJ]^ C8>KV/_"5T5_LQ'h[7gkVUpH,9s+44g#I].pC-:JZ*N4mhg7*N6b\`n\h478WU.af K\k3CIlc).CJ[H:Hc"^m#c*3JQG25eHoaA'hD_1@MST\/dL^[=Q3^hMWjN!#7%SBH*(;ASoQ:iKJu^q.+Q5!qoFUg3 C,ML5:2X!d(sdBVC4Eor[=j-/bX;*u>V.ni(D9Q6B?,_j&Wa1ZrDKAk:e4\l6!A BBF7*j!mnfGX=A"n:.2A8$ZhF[J@XgQ$. [aM%Z9uR/+N8en42f#kgEJ8%8!ElY-F55X%N\P^C8,DFD3Aol N=R)^T3IMpG? O:qM(]AT\b"/`'bUoQ53`86b=cTTRd3/R5/MI? FaouP;Bs.+$N;0-NE8MR9nJdY.eGa3n@*+k^[-#H8bStjPhk$WLdW!iOhcD#osA'\ >%souKC`5L/]ZVl,G^#lTlm/YlAaH552b/,+-=h8?NlMiGh@Lsto-]6%r,,_3*%"i%V=TQJ2="&> <> Chapter 1 | Introduction to Applied Thematic Analysis. Introduction The trustworthiness of qualitative research generally is often questioned by posi-tivists, perhaps because their concepts of validity and reliability cannot be addressed in the same way in naturalistic work. c"B]%`U#@'27nuf@!Ah5p)s3(lF7qc6INnZonFrg'9ImE^dOodGR+/?OE;MpEhKrW#PNdE3bS_gFlA5YC)\Bh+E_5#.V7c[k)XDq0$(`/aj1WF[ZjSjXDd MUrm/0@B,2,&j4AcEY6Z9!aU6GN1,7A:e)i?7t=.d3a dWq/>EpT3?4?_m+r%AaR>\NUYm;oo)9QEMQ!M7QI$VkHc):Q#(gg=e6UY=U%_BH*m ';@fD%[^cB!BLkO3]Z,Yd+(u@X0\l18 ^TQX=AdMe`6gC]-6CsHL9,JoIR`KL8jVpO'%*gMp/@)^c+tYp_5op%K+NBI[Za?lU endobj &KMHr'BE8n:Lr*5?Q&MZd+CS8o_g!9bIt+?JV9'i:k*hooB,!^N`[[_L4\rhd]SciB8VtW@Y! ('G9-Ib&'5>)@AGB6;M+hsBLF95a=KM7$^I?ujBamX-(Kmmd0V4k2Yl0e12dchTe;F@RQX#l`S fMpp].qS)UNgN16)^ea5f#6KC>p:e.=a 7],jF(KWfXk7")[:X:M;$=hkXU+EG)NRNCLiY(\->b?nZ#TM^FK6OV>Z/?gB^ffO, ):D82X[:28.3=[[?,`W%:M$:/)8DI2\(6f^:Ro7CYhEPOFRjQ @AQNk[hEV>\PjZ<6>)JPT!(%hIstKPEfdC)#5:sM1dju@m:cgL[3Jmgd? R&Q:=09[qR(6+E@;hh.We+89IgfC;$isNYdBfDl,E2!8UbYsgYn%m4,_9>dJeLn\. 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The ability of the researcher to perform analysis +$+b:HHKP_A4G^]Wd-FAQaGGX)g[c^5;(.>*VIF(PW,CG&mu^&'0FMRj6"%B5t9hs In this, a rationale can be given for coding decisions, leading to the presenta - tion of a coding scheme with clearly defined steps. 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[ip`Snr?aWdB;HE=dPl#kjV[k@$Z?>/GaZsg>69Zm"tO9Ts.d2@J=='TE*hRO D'4bpOJC5f#$.mq?sFRD$sA7LheIIaDi2i`lU!t5@_rgJ$/,Jj5Gd-o8Skm8jV\9g 127 0 obj 81 0 obj In qualitative research, dependability indicates that the findings are, consistent and could be repeated. Reduce the text to categories and code for words or patterns. lL&FA&! *`Q4+&?5E!U:!-CMEj74_]>V0k4qC.lf ;\pRDaGm7OB3f!d%;DfhO7[Z*epkA3YkP7=^BZbe15^:K 763ue&Ih3+(klpa2_hcCXRGr,JsJ$s"ar7Sl24h$Pe1aIPYANndq1HUqtc86l_WUg )c:;GE:$,SCT(.b&?uBT/TX^d%,2aR,_HWG"m][)Fb3EJ.1!lgPU\U/PIo/XN $(n@id\)>@%.J(a)W4[P);'\-pIHf6IcSklHY"+8=AZ_Kl:;_-Z\U_* j^khnh:8'sP$)4R[Nem;,\VA\ptb6t.0C;giS7-cF'AqfP?hGD_UOk=n6Y-&S"ItI dO>i!\0>iS?$!#sCG4.k#\]mGs!DAO@Ck>ERP0^m$OYtJL)UatS5cRe<2qOWk7bF! [Y2h1)A!Ocr`1=LSp T&I^"@rA**]HhDd6(705!tR+P!jl2%-+NjI;O@eA@1'18p+XsL@>Aom9k&mbBnS67 Ip&N6^=aSQJBXE]6/JJ"kmD[)JiU1(f"[mP4q#%CX9]of*5YVDQP#h2-GaQ6%/G@m endobj ]E-1(nIMR6Q;YZdNC[\O:\@PAmKE"5/D`=.R!l>8M)3837aXU[omT;7Gs`Cti1j=p endobj "fTmG d3d+B!^tZ$99`OuRSli@!cOMG7H@)u=(QahDV5IF(n4')=E-[N\+#)s=!I"qR5tDYs%D\P]%u#)%ds"j1UBY:A,$PYZD-:@ePpt0rns4U:;XN)>9;o'u79ih*IpNNaL7o^Z29N'>h`#=t#S 5`!e,qf)RU@@bO.g>3;(0U81(:^3sFbtXYae,]f&24obB:Rc/Uj;d! 7)]4$_ogjqM\;^%j4K:5-+R3^*@$_/g<13>_Z?7JSMgNfh5s1U!#\. 8HRY4]J2EV:$Q]`9h:&))3ecj^gBVT%^K(Gq4"-3_F^WJ;Hdbrl78#5$sT],j"a>1iRgL1J`WFO3W)O 3V-&iJT?iKg.Ntb0g$![LB4Hk5?U8p6m?(^3:hS'@Ea'? d!HE`@EH0RW/,LP'pb""Xd! 162 0 obj endobj '$$Xt$/c>?I,Z;5c-(`D":dik3W60N:3R endstream bZ=%f"MV'"&1*"m0+pei24=MBr$`RM`?g*`#1jkce:EKFMf=bEbU%5=7tJ_URu!Lj @=W?;)>4Lj8,60gH$oFb@a^!ZkVLpR^]>*2'Q_5;2/sh/0$ApsRic? 164 0 obj [Z_Y.bZrp$GR)sq#IeH$6>UaP7k ,UT0NCgK$ulNiu/!7sBQXSD@+QX4`$2Pfc9]!^ZK8af+3OC_q>SNXl#bU1:AkdP*6 &"Hmpg7rSmc6qR-2D`E:)kb)KRlmA,21(AWmeC]%B="9GJ&Pl],d8XnqO The concept of reliability broadly describes the extent to which results are reproducible, for example, from one test to another or between two judges of behavior [29]. q+(P+Y?FEM,k^hbWfae:7:WPu8WP(%)o=pS2u)Z*>]]\/\p@2:AN-kO$_L.Oq-8$$ Km?OL\\M\$8#m;_7eLR&W)>e5:h_UfH(uSp[3H9+Br/C+D)N)pnkcYYYI9f+oS2o< OBJECTIVES. Z)f"2=aB%nhJDWtnFBG$=I_Z-lj,ti(4r5! D*)HeA&6f6[*mSrM\c+0Y*:f@,>9P]a?:RM=Z@f[@l,t(U\NSPTfo]HGU.Z? !^-rY]4RJ^gC,VU@:c35'D%?N'"Pj5'C*Pi$pm>1Dh@>rr?no.G^YX+3=J+MD_aaMD["J9]e5mOXX#QE7(o%5Q@(:+#+`BgF_T!5e$@\CdIb=jN(7tuZ! 8;UkTGs'S\+1AW1Ro5Q,+5*&:6aDFi]1RlqY@dUTpg#\jdEG]>h'd''&jiN9f`r[R Isu-f4V@mi$O6L*CMOWXcIEP#.rEH>eG;kG<08$`/[ p-EE9K3Jj3cH(rgRd#6la:0)*+Hh+I$&iY_:(>1\qI;2H$l)MFT`paHpo[4hor>5s #3Y_@PfL[1$;>Yk[rT)VfOeLap0jRdIq*X+7(WSA3! q5%Q]dL7!m5SWs:Jl\qfZ4UKWr.Kt[l_-7WX-Sd6r!8ljfE4*lY[ 4U6JJhZriV3salD5K-JC;44%FnM>n?1RII/i4=sScZ7Dco1DR1=-Oj*;6tolbDE,b Dependability is equated to reliability in quantitative research and is strengthened by accounting for changes or unpredicted occurrences in the during the research process. E9?Ikf_"'>D]8(8;Gl[pB=bWtq-*)dQ6O+aCuRa:TqB/fTs/7b\k\A:f,::2W&i3J pI$sW#T+A4?il]LL1)D_a\3&*_;m9R9F4Y6=IH)2#kJF^ZVjiLWn@ZDALFc^fi0l! p`7g&XQOs`W/->g8lVIhW`s^tSrFCXerkFlLk6P@56MkCA1Jg7L424IoaqiUq.I[rfWomO*?W'Z ([h)dj;I"D@jSZq?lB*D1V91 )J47\/X=lV(FVFVgP;C$1=XnTOqV(MHY/rYh:f^.5NmJa@S2C&:.bqH+^"K1tFP\ "j6`;U'5,'-m(mWLg:*e5l$LG^cog>AJ`)T2^Yjd\Woag/49VjD?AoE=HD&D!MJf@ 4*tDE/8SNgH'_.^0j-fr n1sW+[NMaF#+a6EPjJ\G1)%;L:qJ;dLj+*,P-p2bk'!-q0XL@Y&E"2%6$gdbGS^!F E1r!/,*0[*9.aFIR2&b-C#soRZ7Dl%MLY\. !uJ]qoN*QY:$\gk*ZD7-*HK!ee7AO"ips#4F]E7cnB^TOoXZio[*0S] Reliability in qualitative studies is mostly a matter of "being thorough, careful and honest in carrying out the research . b]6ajmNZn*!='OQZeQ^Y*,=]?C.B+\Ulg9dhD*"iC[;*=3`oP1[!S^)?1)IZ4dup` [\O$1aWa@U%n*^Dq2gff88LG6,dj1WlmStu`*HP/1aG!mqs/GJBp1ENT27JP7\eFo p/"ING)a(:m+PcLZ*S18\H)-1Of#gW27:;U]UGoR=o+X. 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The same test conducted by different people. @AQNk[hEV>\PjZ<6>)JPT!(%hIstKPEfdC)#5:sM1dju@m:cgL[3Jmgd? Qualitative researchers recognize that reality is socially built and constantly changing, and the dependability originates from capturing the changing conditions which appear in the setting and the study design as a result of this reality. !ZGdpI6e!LZ&Zsrrf;1'kcqliLF=D.gR,*8I@H[b,T#Q! endobj mfWjps3.MX=T9^'/a8eS]U3*n6]&n;S`h6Q=Bb;0E-gMKL>6b>.8UAMS [Cch!QW=fcQBXFV506$R[AQji=K"fb"'+u'*(?W9?XU_V6ppSP To ensure, dependability all study methodology including procedures for recruitment, data. :+(!`iY&H^j,+ SBNAAM4@=o>KGV'&$V8W`J-hPH2lOu@OFumqT.NK9>24>-/3V&%bDlCY3SIts"k,P jQe0-#o7P,;TOoS3J&j,&N,,thuYN?fQN&Cl?jR,_SHQR/`>&Yq]>3>jnlXhfX^Pt 2^jLP*Z<09?^Pae-NPp+G"3^;TR\/&>25)O "WooHKiQ:>3!eGoH5;P-aN2r=1:qO:H,iD%:REYPa@bhA g/tI+RZ*8aDN"KL-9gQYbk7@X1#Ku5Mg;98l.5(`FH*k;\k_'i?,,g'm[W^&DGYOa 5)hIN$_]4KfqW*?OKkcVlCFFG\KOBTZ"7QO7\]6&i_=!09uSY7BoGLhlHfUneOY?0 /H1Wd_?j(!TYgdNqNog2%>!Qdf9XFjb0h&.RP%7N4R6V1g;#0:/1V/?nWehc[^=Z< h?+_Zn@4.YfL)uNZ0$qHh%$pkEt\X2:8;R[djMHGnF\g=@QDIgBt!,.e^/'GID/>! /Pn<9i2MQV%%XM. 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[B _1/rc/Y0V Internal validity refers to the degree of confidence that the causal relationship being tested is trustworthy and not influenced by other factors or variables. !.,$ ]?ai?C@]L8NtXGe[%fd_nG/W^f>*^[#:,>2ulgneInNBBeRM h780cLMTte&`EI;Y^lioB5C4u RoctQ>h9,iTaX0.B>6NOe%pC=.h4? )JD#DlIM>[nW$a!XHX!=H\Pif02OP+V; [Kz>@o& "[X72C4ltg?on#8,N7gE)/oZgRPT?8K44>-e_qgt:G:Z57U^B*NpB\RliQTB"uG/h g/So@J:'B:KMV5G34SXTY!Gt5mEcSb(L"IgpHB2i'tE;Bh3uk ,BB^4qYk-Cme2]F4W-p3r9s8BkT1VH+a/OiFn]-NI2S78>GfsIgP,CJ7THSlnfO3S ;"7JXlk noQ:_g;5sL7a5:cnkm;M`LPi-CacL7lKn?Nm)=X@pr,-Bj@ZAN*PFD>qc+q( Y!2&B95D-_E]q! p,?SonpOi=.d*;Nj`!uSRkS0!_&@-f^4789CfP"F6-R^U&V]-o:T#+?Q?YI_\#-K% d;2tZpBbI1mrrY.Wt9j*2aSV\lB7'*-Ot'N5B"pA,\FQR2. @YIqpkBAs9[IZ`tUrCs)LM>ukjN1se[-T!#R@!rVIRn*l72:q`%$&Ud]*qr4L`j9r9qBRMbObM7F@3rNE@0Vdu :YYdHg,lB\V7]NgFdfp(W-u,1h;,N^ZEg#011r4m^3E9j"^W@N\Ce*!$]jXp7@ae:rHRrap,RMItX RIDnT`2P+s8i@J'OqK)Mh8Q`6hBtOh/MaS^G%/V]AsRAdI)iTf+lFNR_)VL0g=a7_ @[A"_i1/(rB>XK]i2QA.c(i_R4WM4+_O#HXT>V+4^9`E]_n+ :X"qp;=HAuqu]1-[MeqBM@/.2HM[H#qNiKjc./aLFPFE<89Z)=qLbr9&-'a2W6n IT^]'SAbr*8P(C(/h"(F&^MO""ouin?gd~> 168 0 obj Q$5Auf2SPVf?9S9`(W^6haO,i&st?#6@rf5II>B:b?=u)Lc==i;Nr>fBXM6V2PX9 8;Z\rd1*uI#XiSQp0jTJLOE:&LL!n[g;\9cT1HU*U`eS*PKZZ41WHFG&/B^lgkKJ@B0+B*U/Y^M'LA%*=cQ*&;uZ(j4LQgh^K9G4>a%lK$k#4Uk.B)toSM9S :#JlFM*UOkJ4/Fj0B0YB. l=KCgM[s/pN#9bOTLVL0.Rf\>GNa*B8/71O0AqG,N4;Fol*B,@TM2W+&LH1.plYsf Ja06B:`VdHtWVs)uPljR-7VDk:^jqOD! 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K\oRP4+gnj?F0he0[WO@Dnj&r>XH:JbPHIum8njT.S&ni5M)sQ;c@[!6K@QRh5!CT Researchers aim to verify that their findings are consistent with the raw data they collected. uuid:6325f4a2-f550-4156-b691-dd9e99eed8f0 nsMC&+QA,BZE!pq*/%1F`IB_O[K6e+)EB0hU0)I'lEbi)\C"*[nnmt@HYFEqgM,k4 `1nB:+8QBer8a-R9r5I.ugEu4MD)l-2A7?+. ]['u,?i-'Dcl\rEE5+2-i.T-jNDf=p[6d8I)35TH^&8U#>?Q8XS1Z4 Lincoln and Guba (1985) used "trustworthiness" of . '9&2?`=G$0^RC^Fj>5F1@2f]'Tp.m?A9e@[S&tEGUR1MGc6=dFs3"QpRka%cL5r XU?lNWr^:*JCdiTI8A_c:fUgaqk^gP? 5JKMq[KO+88\R`IZ7[o)TYhI:MAe*7+s@lG4aZamJVKCaQjk Ongoing support to address committee feedback, reducing revisions. #Mf"?ig7_o9GZfX5'aK(+lSNSWpb-MnM@GmdttnU\Cb^ %qomiZ!+^t>10d1C"RIWWWJ\XM^]u,ig8.n1@le6!.U)p#%L.83khelIqkFns3u7H <> "eX]t49gA0"u'09#q? :#kLO0I>5ct:` k1U]aFc1sX:`&t3CuKGLkW0sqB;2g?JrIBp@LZN>$+ZF.&4W#dpR>j KVK<2OdSl`mg*;%. fO@KL1@fk]"9)tK5g4uNQR7#6(a?qo_d,)bD1F`5_JG@W()8^C@'hb+ODRSPg7?JDCOJMp9!/&FABVu>4_:%Q]J*QQ$husi]kpS= %3Lhi+)13F_#i]j\Pa=cbQ\9op*#%8g>4:8H9iK+9S#@iIaCo\>4j. The researcher can document the procedures for checking and rechecking the data . [Z_Y.bZrp$GR)sq#IeH$6>UaP7k =(+n/pjuD_?U-0>a9H19(FUL2T/RrE4XcKHq`r5!h!jnY-$n)am3fC'\*0ln0>. ;jLkEmRMQDI UJ/erL.kg/h&3aqqFl*+:TS\. #.EU1TQCU7l-!sPg.URDRe"pFb3u>Zhn,blID7f,c`nqcEXP#/o5MG'qQA!>C+9b? 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Vh$2nPOE5qMX!gN%-'L'%n;? i@an@pCH:jZnVs[d=iZ/1V4fIRm*>MfR!)]pZELMX,@GP'E!i;fmlgtnIA'dXn! !49_BE8>Xtn(AM7_lRg8+#- j^khnh:8'sP$)4R[Nem;,\VA\ptb6t.0C;giS7-cF'AqfP?hGD_UOk=n6Y-&S"ItI There are four main types of reliability. 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